A very complex issue indeed , I always thought modifying the exhaust was ok so long as the exhaust system , or more specifically , the emission system , still complied with the relevant ADR(s) . A class B traffic infracton is punishable by a fine of a minimum of $15 to a maximum of $100. What then arises (in addition to the uncertainty referred to above in relation tothe meaning or effect of the National Code of Practice) is an inconsistency ortension between: (i) section 135 of the Vehicle Standards, which prescribes maximumstationary noise levels for non-ADR 83/00 certified vehicles; (ii) alternatively, section 138 of the Vehicle Standards, which permitsADR 83/00 certified vehicles to have a maximum stationary noiselevel that is no more than 5dB(A) higher than the certified noise levelestablished for those vehicles that is, 5dB(A) louder than thecertified noise level; and, (iii) sub-sections 5(1)(a)(v) and 5(1)(a)(vi) of the Regulations, whichpermits optional equipment which, for the reasons stated above,includes an aftermarket exhaust to be fitted to a vehicle if itcomplies with the Vehicle Standards, including the applicablestationary noise level; and. 4. In Australia, all aftermarket exhausts must comply with ADR 83/00. Further, read in that way, the uncertainty contained in the National Code ofPractice in relation to noise emissions and their testing would also be avoided. In my view, therefore, optional equipment includes aftermarket exhausts. Buy Exhausts Online | Car Mods Australia Home Exhausts Exhausts If your car is making excessive exhaust noise or you keep hearing knocking or banging noises from beneath it, it may be time for you to buy car exhaust system replacements. Legal tint is 35%. 65. (c) for a motorbike not certified to ADR 83/00 and built in or before February1984 100dB(A). (b) prohibited by sub-section 10(1)(d) and section 11 of the Regulations. There is no reason to suppose that optional equipmentis limited to options offered by the manufacturer (whether such equipment isactually manufactured by the manufacturer of the motorbike or constitutes OEMparts) to the exclusion of options which may be sourced by the owner of themotorcycle from an alternative supplier. Subdivision 2 of Part 9, Division 3, is headed Noise levels applying to vehiclesnot certified to ADR 83/00 and contains sections 134 to 137. I had excactly the same thing from a motorcycle cop/ prosecutor from Ipswich (name withheld for legal reasons). 1:43 pm junio 7, 2022. international diamond center appointment. The adjective optional is defined by the Macquarie dictionary as: 27. Reference to motorcycles on this page may include mopeds and motor trikes. 98. In some cases, defect notices were issued as a result of sound leveltesting. 119. Motorcycle rights campaigner Wayne Carruthers agrees with Leventes opinions and says they arerelevant throughout the nation. The rankings reflect our opinion and should be a good starting point for shopping. Unfortunately, things are not that simple. "Most of these are illegal because they violate the above section. In the absence of a specific statutory definition, what is meant by optionalequipment is left to be determined by its ordinary English meaning. Are side pipes legal in Australia? Most exhaust companies, including MagnaFlow, design their systems so that no modification is necessary to get the systems to fit. If the car was turbocharged, he might've gained more. 63. If you're going to spend this much money on an aftermarket exhaust why not just buy a Speed Triple and get the better brakes, suspension, horsepower, etc. Get answers of Are aftermarket exhaust legal in Australia? The first is a 6-page brochure that provides a concise overview. Primary Menu. But, in my view, such an interpretation is unsustainable for three reasons: (a) in the first place, such an interpretation depends on a comparison betweenthe post-modification effectiveness of the silencing device and its actualeffectiveness immediately prior to any modifications. . However, it would . The best materials, designs, and sound add up to the best all-around package. The National Stationary Exhaust Noise Test Procedures for In-Service MotorVehicles published in September 2006 by the National Transport Commissionand referred to in section 131(1) of the Vehicle Standards is available at this URL. VEHICLES MANUFACTURED TO ADR 83/00 SPECIFICATIONS. Subdivision 1 of Part 9, Division 3, is headed General and contains sections131 to 133. Part 2 of the Vehicle Standards is headed Australian Design Rules. For example, the2015 Aprilia Tuono 1100 is certified to ADR 83/00 at a noise level of107db(A) at 5,500 rpm. It is, therefore, imperative that riders (on the one hand) and police and otherrelevant officers (on the other hand), clearly know what the regulatory provisionsconcerning aftermarket exhausts and motorcycle noise emissions are so that theformer can comply with them and the latter can effectively enforce them. 94. These CATs exist to convert toxic exhaust gases into non-toxic ones. 47. Vehicles must not exceed the maximum noise levels specified in the AustralianVehicle Standard Rules for the ADR category of the vehicle and its date ofmanufacture. That is because sub-sections 10(1)(d)and section 11 the Regulations (which also appear within Part 2) contain aprohibition on performing a modification to a silencing device and driving avehicle on a road containing a modified silencing device, and that prohibition,on its face, operates without reference to the stationary noise levels prescribed bythe Vehicle Standards. Accordingly, optional equipment is equipment that is left to ones personal,free choice or preference. The requirements in NSW were cleared up in 2013 with the release of VSI-6 which quite clearly states that an aftermarket exhaust is not illegal provided it does not emit noise over and above the prescribed limit. Any reasonable thinking person that argues otherwise is simply deluded and unrealistic. He says police in several states are misinterpreting the general provisions of registration under the road/vehicle regulations. It is immediately apparent that clause 2.1.15 of the National Code of Practice ispartly inconsistent with the maximum stationary noise levels set out in theVehicle Standards referred to above in that it imposes a 94dB(A) stationary noiselevel limit on all motorbikes manufactured after February 1985, rather than, inthe case of ADR 83/00 certified vehicles, the noise level that is established for thevehicle when it was certified plus no more than 5dB(A). 23. junio 16, 2022 . Arguably, motor scooters with step-through frames such as the ubiquitousVespa have a form of floorpan; but, even so, it is difficult to see how subsection130(1)(b) of the Vehicle Standards could be applied to a motor scooterinsofar as it requires ascertainment of the outermost joint of the floorpan that isnot continuously welded or permanently sealed. X. are aftermarket exhaust legal in australia. 109. Most often, it involves a combination of all three ofthose things. You are absolutely allowed to modify your vehicle (as long as the modifications are legal). This interpretation is supported by the consideration that thesesections require a before and after comparison, between: (a) the effectiveness of the silencing system pre-modification; and. (d) for another motorbike or motortrike100dB(A). Similarly, in relation to ADR 83/00 certified vehicles, the question that arises iswhether fitting an aftermarket exhaust to a motorbike that results in an increaseof no more than 5dB(A) to its maximum stationary noise level over its certifiednoise level established for that particular motorbike is: (a) permitted by sub-sections 5(1)(a)(v) and 5(1)(a)(vi) of the Regulations andsection 138 of the Vehicle Standards; or. are aftermarket exhaust legal in australia roslyn high school alumni conduent texas lawsuit are aftermarket exhaust legal in australia 16 de junio de 2022 Ensure your bikes pipes are with in the specified limits and if needs be get a test done and carry the results with you. Lukey is known for our unmistakeable sound. The system has a more efficient flow and shows a noticeable improvement in throttle response whilst enhancin [..] View More 77. Gauges aren't allowed on the dash or anywhere above the steering wheel, so yes, gauges on the pillar are illegal. To be issued with a defect notice for contravention of sections 5, 10 or 11 of theRegulations on the grounds of excessive noise level emissions, the noise level mustexceed the maximum stationary noise levels prescribed in sections 135 or 138 ofthe Vehicle Standards. (5). I've got aftermarket exhausts on 2 of my bikes and a third bike has had the stock exhaust modified. 69. That is important because other modifications are prohibited outright. A motorbike is relevantly defined in Schedule 4 to the Regulations as:a light motor vehicle with 2 wheels, and includes a 2-wheeled light motor vehiclewith a sidecar attached to it that is supported by a third wheel. Leventes paper is quite lengthy and detailed as the laws are also quite lengthy, detailed and, ultimately, confusing for both the user and enforcer. 120. . I dont think you are reading this from a lawyers point of view, he went through this in detail in the article, a modification can be drilling a hole or replacing the entire device. The second covers the same information but presented in an electronic fashion, below. 64. Levente Jurth, who rides an Aprilia Tuono 1100, says he researched the matter because fellowriders have been fined by Queensland Police for having a non-standard aftermarket exhaust fitted to their bikes. Sub-section 5(1) of the Regulations provides as follows: (1) A person must not drive or park, or permit someone else to drive or park,a light vehicle on a road, (i) the vehicle is fitted with the equipment (the equipment)mentioned in, or required by, the vehicle standards, otherthan optional equipment, that is appropriate to the vehicle;and, (ii) if the vehicle is fitted with the equipmentthe equipmentcomplies with the requirements specified in the vehiclestandards; and, (iii) the vehicle is otherwise constructed and loaded to complywith the vehicle standards; and, (iv) the vehicle, its parts and equipment are in safe condition;and, (v) optional equipment fitted to the vehicle complies with therequirements in the vehicle standards for the optionalequipment; and, (vi) the stationary noise level of the vehicle complies with thevehicle standards; or. Section 5 of the Regulations draws a distinction between the equipment andthe optional equipment. 31. The stationary noise level of a motor vehicle that is certified to ADR 83/00 mustnot exceed, by more than 5 dB(A), the noise level that is established for themotor vehicle when it is certified. Interestingly, this regulation is entirely devoted only to how much noise the exhaust makes. are aftermarket exhaust legal in australiawhen will lego diagon alley be back in stock. Accordingly, simply having an aftermarket exhaust fitted to a motorbike cannotresult in a defect notice being issued, nor should it attract a police caution, forthat reason alone. are aftermarket exhaust legal in australia. Of course, if removing a catalytic converter from an exhaust system of amotorbike, or replacing the system with an aftermarket exhaust that does notcontain a catalytic converter, causes the motorbike to exceed the maximumstationary noise levels prescribed in sections 135 or 138 of the Vehicle Standards,then the motorbike will be defective on that basis. Clause 2.1.15 of the National Code of Practice refers to Section LT TestProcedures for details about the stationary noise test. No court could accept that any police officer has sufficient expertise in the fields of acoustical or sound engineering to determine noise levels in accordance with National Stationary Exhaust Noise Test Procedures for In-Service Motor Vehicles. In every case, the prosecutorwould have to establish the motorbikes actual noise output immediately prior tothe modifications, so as to demonstrate that the modifications had a negativeimpact on the efficacy of the silencing system. tony cloninger net worth; (d) the Motor Vehicle Standards Act 1989 (Cth), which is available at thefollowing URL: https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2015C00150. Aftermarket exhausts in India are illegal unless approved by the RTO. 46. 29. I have called HD head office in Sydney 2 weeks ago and still waiting for a call back. 26. On the other hand, it also seems improbable that the legislature intended subsection10(1)(d) and section 11 of the Regulations to operate such that the ownerof a motorbike who wishes to modify the existing silencing system is limited to anoise level which may be lower (perhaps significantly lower) than the maximumpermitted for that motorbike under section 135 or 138 (as applicable) of theVehicle Standards. 3. (b) if the device is designed to be manipulated by a personcapable of beingtested while the device is fully open. Queensland: 1 is legal, 2 is not; 3 is legal but 4 is not. suchthat it exceeds the stationary noise level prescribed in section 135of the Vehicle Standards, such that it exceeds the stationary noise level prescribed in section 135of the Vehicle Standards, by more than 5dB(A) above the stationary noise level that wasestablished for the motor vehicle when it was certified to ADR 83/00, Custom Eye Candy: An Electric Zero SR-X Concept, 10 Electric Skateboard Brands That Are Killing It, Start typing to see results or hit ESC to close, Fast Figures: Piaggio Groups 2022 Sales Were Best Results Ever, Industry Insider: EU Ignores Licensing Revamp Pleas, UK Is Next, Luck of the Irish: Insurance Costs Cause Country-Wide Racing Closures, Powersports Podcasts: Ricky Carmichael & Ryan Villopotos Title 24, Harley-Davidson Screamin Eagle Engine Sets New Record, Husqvarna Releases Up-Specd Norden 901 Expedition, Armor, Airbag, Base Layer, & Underwear Reviews, https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2007C00149, https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2015C00150, Motorcycle Culture Across the Western World, SMIDSY Theory: Bikes Appear Out Of Nowhere, http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/documents/roads/safety-rules/standards/vsi-06-light-vehicle-modifications.pdf, States to censure for exhausts confusion vehicle Newz | vehicle Newz, Helmet camera box earnings to court vehicle Newz | vehicle Newz. It is now published infinal form. 12. [1] 28.2.2.1.2 The values so obtained shall be entered in the test report for the vehicle. Posted by in the heat of combustion of ethane, ethene and acetylene; employment law conference 2022 . In Australia, all aftermarket exhaust gases must comply with ADR 83/00. The maximum stationary noise level for thatmotorbike would, therefore, be 112db(A) at 5,500 rpm, being 107db(A)plus 5dB(A). For NSW motorcyclists it is a double hit with an $100-odd fine then (and this bit really gets me) if the motorcyclist is silly enough to pay the fine the EPA (who do/or did have control of noise pollution) are then contacted, the rider is then issued with a notice to have the machine tested with another fee.. For the past few years, officers from the Queensland Police Service and theQueensland Department of Transport and Main Roads have been issuing defectnotices to riders in respect of aftermarket exhausts being fitted to theirmotorbikes. 67. It is not obligatory, or prescribed, or compulsory. Even if I wanted to I cannot take a car in for a noise emission test. Drivers caught with an excessively noisy exhaust may receive an on-the-spot fine of 50, and could have their car taken off the road until the offending exhaust is removed. You Are Here: what happened to calista flockhart zta password zip are aftermarket exhaust legal in australia If I was a the police comissioner I would uphold the law without exception. In any event, it is beyond the scope of this paper to consider the physical size orplacement of aftermarket exhausts. Section 135 of the Vehicle Standards which applies to non-ADR 83/00 certifiedvehicles relevantly provides as follows: Stationary noise levelscars, car derivatives, motorbikes and motortrikes, The stationary noise level of a car, car derivative, motorbike or motortrike mustnot be more than, (c) for a motorbike or motortrike built after February 198594dB(A); or. The Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. how many kids does jason statham have . Modifications to exhaust systems are permitted if they do not conflict with the requirements of any other rules or regulations. Sub-section 10(1)(d) of the Regulations provides as follows: (d) modify a light motor vehicles silencing device if the modificationreduces, or is likely to reduce, the effectiveness of the device. I would think that the police are using common sense. Not allowed tinted lights. In relation to ADR 83/00 certified vehicles, in my view, the proper constructionand effect of those provisions is to read the prohibition on modificationsprovided for in sub-section 10(1)(d) and section 11 of the Regulations as applyingafter allowance is made for the up to 5dB(A) increase in the maximum stationarynoise level provided for in section 138 of the Vehicle Standards, since the 5dB(A)increase forms part of the definition of what was permissible pre-modification. 7. 107. 91. las colinas country club membership fee. (2) The outlet must discharge the main exhaust flow to the air, (a) if the vehicle is fitted, or required to be fitted, with an exhaustsystem with a vertical outlet pipe, (i) at an angle above the horizontal; and, (ii) at least 150mm above the cab of the vehicle; and, (iii) towards the rear, or to the right, of the vehicle; and, (i) horizontally or at an angle of not over 45 downwards; and. Law Dawg said: Installing a new muffler can not increase the noise level of the original equipment - period. 22. Schedule 1 to the Regulations is headed Vehicle standards (herein called theVehicle Standards). 25. (5)Logically, the comparison of effectiveness required by sections 10(1)(d) and 11 of the Regulations specifically, whether the device is less effective following modifications is only possible if there is asingle variable; otherwise, one is faced with intractable questions whether enhanced effectiveness inone respect is outweighed by diminished effectiveness in another respect. Exhaust system should therefore not be replaced or modified if this is likely toincrease the vehicles noise output beyond that of the unmodified system when ingood condition. abigail spanberger chief of staff. The originator of the modern aftermarket exhaust is still at the top of the list. Panigale V2. It containsprovisions concerning the applicability of, and compliance with, the AustralianDesign Rules (herein called ADR). Most other states have it at 92 and it must be metered 10 feet away from the exhaust outlet at 50% throttle. (b) if the vehicle is not unsafe, but it is otherwise defective. 75. The standards for motorcycles, mopeds and motor trikes can vary depending on the Australian Design Rule (ADR) category and the date of manufacture of your bike. Trufit Exhaust 437 Warrigal Road, Moorabbin, VIC-3189, Australia Areas serviced . 70. This has pages of rubbish in it including ashphalt specifications. Offences and penalties NSW Police, the Roads and Maritime Service and local councils also regulate noise pollution from vehicles. Aftermarket exhaust not illegal, Barrister A Brisbane Barrister has reviewed the laws on aftermarket exhausts and determined that police and authorities do not have the expertise or objectivity to sustain a conviction for the alleged offence. 99. Section LL of the National Code of Practice is headed Motorcycles & ThreeWheeled Vehicles. 117. He/she may decide . Part 9 of the Vehicle Standards is headed Control of emissions. Such an interpretation would, however, lead to entirely bizarre and obviouslyunintended consequences. W205 AMG C63 S. G80 M3 / Competition Titanium. 55. Aftermarket exhaust not illegal, Barrister. Ordinarily, the expression modify would connote that the original devicecontinues to exist, albeit in a form which is somehow altered, rather thandiscarded and replaced. 952.68. 87. Of course, any errors remain my own. For these reasons, I prefer a construction pursuant to which sub-section 10(1)(d)and section 11 of the Regulations require that a comparison be made, not withthe actual efficiency of the motorbikes silencing system immediately prior to anymodifications, but with what was lawfully permissible immediately prior to anymodifications. are aftermarket exhaust legal in australiarollins college soccer coach. Northern Territory: 1 is legal, 2 is not; 3 and 4 are legal. Sub-section 10(2) of the Regulations provides certain exceptions to theprohibition contained in subsection (1) as follows: (2) However, a person does not contravene subsection (1) if, (a) the modification complies with the chief executives approvalunder section 13(2)(b) or with an approved code of practice withinthe meaning of section 13(7); or. The MCC of NSW has successfully guided a number of riders through the maze of exhaust issues in NSW leading to a not guilty verdict in court. 57. 41. A con alright. But in the context of sub-section 10(1)(d) and section 11of the Regulations, that cannot be what was intended: otherwise, a motorist whosimply removes the silencing device from a vehicle, and who fails to replace iteither with an altered version of the original device or a new device, would beexempt from the operation of these provisions. G82 M4 / Competition. The same would result from any other motorbike certified to ADR 83/00 at anoise level exceeding 94dB(A). 122. Aug 25, 2017. 108. It has been fairly standard practice in Australia to modify our suspension, tow bars and hitches to increase our towing capacity. And asthere is no statutory requirement for a motorbike to be fitted with acatalytic converter, a modification involving removal of a catalyticconverter does not diminish the mandated effectiveness of the silencingsystem; (b) secondly, whilst (for obvious reasons) a catalytic converter is usuallyintegral to a vehicles exhaust system, it cannot accurately be described as asilencing device. More Unit 1/ 68 Collingwood St, Osborne Park, WA, 6017 | 6.48km (08) 6250 1212 They are one of the thickest mandrel bent systems available in Australia - the thickness combined with 304 grade stainless steel produces a deep note and guarantees extreme strength. Manual control over the exhaust flaps via remote control or app. 68. In the absence of the noise level of the allegedly offending motorbike being testedin accordance with National Stationary Exhaust Noise Test Procedures for In-Service Motor Vehicles September 2006 pursuant to section 131(1) of the Vehicle Standards by a person having relevant expertise or training, a defectnotice issued on the basis of a police officers subjective judgment will not, in myview, sustain a conviction. 37. (i) 5 cylinders or less 4000rpm, Well lodging a complaint to the ethical standards, police commissioner, CCC have fallen on deaf ears even though the officer lied in court & I was ticketed to appear in court whilst tested at the car park Harrys diners concrete complex on a busy day- ticketed at 93DB @ a test rpm of 4200rpm. Although ADR28 reverts to the newer code now, Qld has NO testing facility for noise. If this is needed, a fee may be payable. Akrapovic Sound Kit - F85 X5M, F86 X6M. If the exhaust system is not underneath the vehicle and can come into contact with people . DfT announce noise camera trial in England and Wales this summer to tackle illegal exhausts and revving engines. It is no different in the Toyota Corolla, where a deep booming rumble is realized. If enough of these cases get thrown out of court then the officers using this tactic as a weapon will cease and riders can be left in peace. This is done to remove exhaust restrictions - allowing exhaust gases to flow faster and spool the turbo even harder. wBW providessubjective opinionsand information on hard-to-find and unique motorcycling products. Accordingly, the situation is apparently as follows: (a) sub-section 10(1)(d) of the Regulations prohibits modifying a vehiclessilencing device if the modification reduces the effectiveness of the device that is the exhaust becomes louder; (b) the prohibition contained in sub-section 10(1)(d) of the Regulations issubject to certain exceptions contained in sub-section 10(2) of theRegulations, relevantly, a modification is not prohibited if it complies withthe National Code of Practice; (c) clause 2.1.15 of the National Code of Practice does not allow for the5dB(A) increase in relation to ADR 83/00 certified vehicles but insteadimposes a 94dB(A) stationary noise level limit on all motorbikesmanufactured after February 1985; (d) clause 2.1.15 of the National Code of Practice is, therefore, partlyinconsistent with the Vehicle Standards; (e) clause 2.1.15 of the National Code of Practice refers to a noise testprocedure set out in Section LT of the (same) National Code of Practice; (f) the noise test procedure set out in Section LT of National Code of Practice which is presumably required to test compliance with the limits imposedby clause 2.1.15 of the National Code of Practice does allow for the5dB(A) increase in relation to ADR 83/00 certified motorbikes; and. (b) otherwisethe optional equipment is fitted securely to the vehicle. Every vehicle must have a functioning exhaust cutout. Under Part 5.5 of the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997, it is an offence to sell a vehicle that has been modified to emit excessive noise. To my knowledge, the exhaust system onmost, if not all, sportbikes discharges the exhaust flow horizontally or at an angleupwards. Sub-section 5(3) of the Regulations deals with fitting optional equipment inaccordance with the vehicle standards. I think there is an error regarding the definition of modification of the silencing device. On the one hand, it seems exceedingly unlikely that the legislature intended subsection10(1)(d) and section 11 of the Regulations to operate such that the ownerof a motorbike is permitted to make modifications which do not comply withsection 135 or 138 (as applicable) of the Vehicle Standards, simply because themotorbike was non-compliant with section 135 or 138 (as applicable) of theVehicle Standards immediately before the modifications were carried out. The sooner that lawbreakers realise that common law is for the benefit of the majority the better. Panigale V4. How is it justified that a police officer can advise the EPA to send you a letter to have your motorcycle tested just because he believes from sitting inside his vehicle that your bike is making excessive noise even though at the time of the offense you were riding with other bikes! Some state laws prohibit any coloured lights anywhere on a vehicle. Putting a performance exhaust on a 1.8-liter Honda Civic->ke236 won't help the power all the much, but it'll make it sound like a fart can. are aftermarket exhaust legal in australia. New York Will Now Fine You $1000 For a Noisy Aftermarket Exhaust SEMA data indicates that it's the harshest fine for an exhaust system violation in the nation. In other words, they take off the factory exhaust and install exhausts that are very loud. The same mr plod sends me another ticket for nearly $500 for not complying claiming he didnt receive the cleared defect ticket. The Barrister says it is not legal advice, but a way to alert authorities and users to the highly complex issue of exhaust noise laws and offer solutions to make it clearer to riders and authorities. Lukey Performance Products. Buying a Corolla . Aventador LP700-4 Volcano Firetador Version. Accordingly, in relation to non-ADR 83/00 certified vehicles, sub-section 10(1)(d)of the Regulations ought to be construed and understood as providing: (d) modify a light motor vehicles silencing device if the modificationreduces, or is likely to reduce, the effectiveness of the device suchthat it exceeds the stationary noise level prescribed in section 135of the Vehicle Standards. (2)On 8 January 2016, this paper was provided in draft form for comment. It did just become a lot easier for. Aftermarket exhaust parts; References This page was last edited on 13 . belgian fashion designers; apea 3p exam test bank; ut martin baseball recruiting 10 Best aftermarket exhaust brands in Australia . For a Police officer to condemn and defect a vehicle the testing must be done to the ADR specification. I was told after the fact by police that this does not mean the bike is legal and you can still be booked as soon as you leave the dealership. The National Code of Practice for Light Vehicle Construction and Modification(herein called the National Code of Practice) and the Queensland Code ofPracticeVehicle Modifications are available at the following URL: http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Safety/Vehicle-standards-andmodifications/Vehicle-modifications/Light-vehicle-modifications.aspx#qcop.
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