The hydrolysis (reaction with water) of an ester to give a carboxylic acid and alcohol. Eventually, yes, candy will go bad. This is why dry capsules and tablets are more stable than liquid solutions and syrups. Helping Smokers Quit: The Science Behind Tobacco Harm Reduction, Foods Are Not Cigarettes: Why Tobacco Lawsuits Are Not a Model for Obesity Lawsuits, The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Review. However, we call your attention to such cases as Pearce v. Tally, 8 Tex. Figure 2. Tootsie Rolls are thought to have a shelf life of two years from the date of production. The best recommendation is to ask yourself if you need the medication to work at the full 100%. Mysterious Case of Diver Who Stabbed Himself. The expiration dates on drugs can be arbitrary and tell us little about whether the drug in the bottle is still OK to use. 4 Dishes that contain seafood or uncooked ingredients, like mayonnaise, spoil faster; so be sure to eat them within a couple of days. 39 (1945). 5 Tex. Which Drugs Really Help with Motion Sickness? It varies depending on the candy, but here is a breakdown of the shelf life of candy by type: Gummy Candy: six months to one year Hard Candy: up to one year Dark Chocolate: up to two years White Chocolate and Milk Chocolate: six months to a year 465 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. But remember that cherries, like a lot of other fresh fruits, usually do not have a use by dateor a best before dateso you will have to use the date purchased. In our opinion a default judgment is valid notwithstanding the officer fails to make said notation on the copy delivered to the defendant. In the Know with 'Dr. Remember, even if a product date expires during home storage, a product should be safe and of good quality as long as the safe handling and storage instructions printed on the label are followed. Figure 1. Its calculated by adding up all the full days that have passed since that date, then adding any additional elapsed hours, Article 2037 provided that the notice shall state that a copy of the plaintiff's petition accompanies the notice and that a certified copy of plaintiff's petition shall accompany the notice. How long do cherries last? B.J. According to the USDA, most refrigerated leftovers last 4 days, tops. Some benefits of proper food storage include eating healthier, cutting food costs and helping the environment by avoiding waste. 1950. 31 (1945). Thank You! This is an example of a hydrolysis reaction - water reacting with a substrate (usually an ester or amide) to break it into two fragments. We think, however, where the defendant accepts service, Rule 107 pertaining to the time for which an officer's return shall lie on file before default judgment is inapplicable; and therefore insofar as Rule 107 is concerned the case may be heard after the expiration of thirty days after the suit is filed whether such acceptance of service has been on file ten days as required by Rule 107 or not. The best recommendation is to ask yourself if you need the medication to work at the full 100%. Whitlock admits that it's not entirely the fault of both Jackson and the Ravens. 43 (1945). Most drugs remain just as potent for years, or even decades, after the expiration date on the bottle. Web5-10 Days. WebExpiration date Indicates the last date that the product can be sold. 20 (1943) reprinted in 8 Tex. WebWe are of the opinion also that no attorney can be appointed until appearance day which is fixed by Rule 114 (and is required to he set forth in the citation) "at or before 10 o'clock a.m . The requisites of a citation by publication are prescribed by Rule 114, the form thereof in actions involving land by Rule 115, the service thereof by Rule 116 and the return by Rule 117. If moisture has gotten into the bottle some of the aspirin will react with water to give backsalicylic acid and acetic acid (vinegar). Teflon and Human Health: Do the Charges Stick? Web21415 = August 2nd, 2015 is the date of manufacture. Talk about ridiculous. In a divorce case where service is accepted must it likewise remain on file ten days before the court can proceed with the hearing at any time after the expiration of thirty days from the time the suit is filed? This helps support my channel without any additional cost to you. Article 2038 provides that the defendant shall be delivered a true copy of the notice, together with a certified copy of the plaintiff's petition. WebI understand this authorization will expire 3 years from the date signed below, unless I have listed an expiration date in section C. In the event the patient is a minor, this expiration will expire when the minor turns 18 years old, whichever date comes first. The original petition is already on file to be referred to if necessary and the filing of copies thereof attached to the citation would unnecessarily increase the files and would serve no purpose. This is in accordance with an opinion heretofore expressed by us, the synopsis of which appears in 5 Tex. The American Council on Science and Health is a research and education organization operating under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. This simply means that the manufacturer guarantees the quality of the product only by that printed date. Made in USA. B.J. WebCella's Dark Chocolate Covered Cherries, 16 Count (Pack of 1) The Was Price is determined using the 90-day median price paid by customers for the product on Amazon. For some reason, it is sold as an analgesic remedy for back pain. That depends. It involves the signing of a paper under oath and the filing of the paper in the cause. The fact that Rule 107 precludes the rendition of a default judgment until the officer's return shall have been on file with the clerk for ,at least ten days, assures to the defendant and his attorney ample opportunity to make certain of the date of service, in event the officer fails to note said date on the copy delivered to the defendant. Hence customers are expected to be available during the product delivery. Made in USA. 6 Tex. ", We are of the opinion also that no attorney can be appointed until appearance day which is fixed by Rule 114 (and is required to he set forth in the citation) "at or before 10 o'clock a.m . Made in USA. Spread the cherries on a baking sheet and place it in the freezer for about 2 hours then transfer them into a freezer safe bag or airtight container. Some common traits of bad cherries are a mushy, soft texture and some discoloration and bruising and then mold will start to appear beginning where the stem was attached when they are rotten. COPYRIGHT 1978-2022 BY THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND HEALTH. According to Kaplan, most cereals will still be good to eat days, weeks or months after the date indicated on the packaging. But this time I didn't know what was going on with my box of chocolates. Like your more perishable items, if your canned goods look or smell funny, you should toss them. (b) The return, together with any document to which it is attached, must include the following information: (No. App.-San Antonio 1919), which hold that the regular time between service of citation and default shall intervene in the case of a waiver under Article 2045, which Rule 119, in substantially the same wording, supersedes. Like your more perishable items, if your canned goods look or smell funny, you should toss them. You can similarly leverage alerts in this lot tracking solution to monitor products with a short expiration date. B.J. Should You Worry About Artificial Flavors Or Colors? Podcast: Sweden's COVID Response; Eco-Doomsday is Cancelled, Why Do Books Smell? Director of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science. (No. The committee has searched the cases bearing on Articles 2037 and 2038 and has failed to find any case in which the question was raised as to whether the return of the notice to serve non-residents made by the officer and filed in court should also be accompanied by a certified copy of the plaintiff's petition. If you want to throw out old aspirin, fine. Can the court appoint an attorney to represent the defendant before appearance day? Food with an expiration date is no longer usable after that date has passed. Joe', A Conversation Between ACSH and Great.com, NPR Frets About 'Weight Stigma' As Doctors Fight Childhood Obesity, Ignore the News: Earth Is Getting Cleaner and Healthier, Another Lousy Anti-Vaping Study, Debunked, Insanity: Doctor Gives Teenage Son Cigarettes to Break Vaping Habit, Underwater Suicide? Does such rule apply where citation has been obtained through publication? M&M Chocolates/Skittles Candies = shelf life 12 months Sweet Maple Candy = shelf life 2 years/24 months Chupa Chups = 2 years/24 months Gumballs = shelf life 2 years/24 months Banana Dextrose = shelf life 2 years/24 months Jellybeans = shelf life 1 year/12 months But you might have more time than you think! After the expiration date has passed, The green line shows the ester bond that is broken during the hydrolysis reaction. According to the USDA, most refrigerated leftovers last 4 days, tops. After the expiration date has passed, 178 (1889); Guerra v. Guerra, 213 S.W. WebMy Wife likes to buy Cellas chocolate covered cherries for me as a gift. For a long term option, cherries can be frozen. B.J. As you know, I am going to Texas for the summer! Where citation is had by publication, there is no default judgment but the appointment of an attorney and a trial. [1]. In some circumstances, you may be able to eat Tootsie Rolls that have expired, especially if they have been kept in stable conditions. Not that much. Question: Under Rules 101, 107, and 108 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, is it necessary for the validity of the citation that a copy of the citation upon which the officer makes his return and files in the court be accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition? Cella's Trip to Texas. Consequently, in our opinion, Rule 107, pertaining to the time for which an officer's return shall lie on file before default judgment, is inapplicable to a case of this sort. The return may, but need not, be endorsed on or attached to the citation. 6 Tex. 360 (Tex. Cherries should be stored directly from the store into a bowl or other container with ventilation in order to prevent the build-up of moisture. Most over-the-counter medications are effective for as long as 10 years past the expiration date. Civ. WebWe are of the opinion also that no attorney can be appointed until appearance day which is fixed by Rule 114 (and is required to he set forth in the citation) "at or before 10 o'clock a.m . The language of Rule 101, which states that the citation "shall be accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition" indicates that a copy of the plaintiff's petition is not considered as a part of the citation. 72-count. ACSH does not have an endowment. In this connection, however, we feel that if the defendant seasonably moves to set aside the default judgment and shows that he was in fact injured or misled by the officer's failure to endorse the date of service upon his copy, in such a case the trial court should set aside the default judgment and give defendant an opportunity to appear and have a trial on the merits. Putting the East Palestine Train Accident in Perspective, No, Homeopathic 'Remedies' and OTC Drugs Don't Belong on the Same Shelf. What about the other part of the aspirin molecule - salicylic acid. WebExpiration date Indicates the last date that the product can be sold. I do prefer dark chocolate over milk chocolate, So I was pleasantly surprised with what I found inside. But this time I didn't know what was going on with my box of chocolates. A very weak version of aspirin is sold specificallyfor lower back pain as if your back knows that it's supposed to work. Such endorsement does not constitute a part of the citation itself, and it is merely for the convenience of the defendant to relieve him from the uncertainty of his own memory or from the inconvenience of referring to the officer's return in order to make sure of the date of service. The inference being that the parties defendant are each to be served with a copy of the petition but no provision is made for extra copies to be used by the officer serving the citation and attached to his return thereof. When properly stored, the shelf life of cherries past their picked or purchased date is approximately With oven-safe glass and water-tight lids, these food storage containers are ready for action! Photo: The National Museum of American History. 2. How long does pie last? So, even if more than 99.99% of the aspirin remained intact you would still smell vinegar. Esters are formed when alcohols react with carboxylic acids; a molecule of water is lost in the process. Bings are ripe when they are slightly maroon in color. WebMy Wife likes to buy Cellas chocolate covered cherries for me as a gift. Don't let uneaten food linger on the counter for more than 2 hours. As you know, I am going to Texas for the summer! WebWhether you identify expiration dates by lot IDs, product IDs, or UPCs, the software will help you organize this data in a way that complies with your requirements. The expiration dates on drugs can be arbitrary and tell us little about whetherthe drug in the bottle is still OK to use. Traditional Holiday Dinner Replete with Natural Carcinogens - Even Organic Thanksgiving Dinners, A Primer On Dental Care: Quality and Quackery, Nuclear Energy and Health And the Benefits of Low-Dose Radiation Hormesis, Priorities in Caring for Your Children: A Primer for Parents, Endocrine Disrupters: A Scientific Perspective, Good Stories, Bad Science: A Guide for Journalists to the Health Claims of "Consumer Activist" Groups, A Comparison of the Health Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Tobacco Use in America, A Painless Route To Recyclable Plastic? B.J. Prior to the effective date of the Rules of Civil Procedure, Articles 2037 and 2038 of the Statutes applied in notices to serve non-residents. The expiration dates on drugs can be arbitrary and tell us little about whether the drug in the bottle is still OK to use. However, as noted by the Canned Food Alliance, canned goods have a shelf life of two years after the date of purchase, which may be after the expiration date noted on the can. Its calculated by adding up all the full days that have passed since that date, then adding any additional elapsed hours, How Toxic Terrorists Scare You With Science Terms, Adult Immunization: The Need for Enhanced Utilization, IARC Diesel Exhaust & Lung Cancer: An Analysis. Please eat responsibly! (No. These are my favorite chocolate covered cherries: https://amzn.to/2t99WQ5These are pretty good also: https://amzn.to/36mu1k0As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Rule 107 provides that the officer executing ,the citation shall make his return thereon or attach it thereto, and there is no provision in Rule 107 providing that a copy of the plaintiff's petition should accompany the sheriff's or other officer's return thereon. But remember that cherries, like a lot of other fresh fruits, usually do not have a use by dateor a best before dateso you will have to use the date purchased. Practicing proper hygiene and food safety techniques will help prevent foodborne illness. App.-San Antonio 1919), which hold that the regular time between service of citation and default shall intervene in the case of a waiver under Article 2045, which Rule 119 in substantially the same wording supersedes. Food with an expiration date is no longer usable after that date has passed. He holds a Ph.D. in chemistry. 25) Question: Should the official or party making his return on a citation or notice as provided for by Rules 107 and 108 show in such return that the copy delivered to the defendant had endorsed thereon the date of such delivery as is provided for in Rule 106? WebHIGHEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS: Cella's Chocolate Covered Cherries are Kosher, Peanut Free and Gluten Free. 5 Tex. Sometimes when cherries are purchased in a package it is labeled with the date the they were packed or there will be a best buy date on frozen fruit - this date can be used to calculate the eat by date. Tylenol After Surgery? B.J. According to the USDA, most refrigerated leftovers last 4 days, tops. We exclude prices paid by customers for the product during a limited time deal. Tootsie Rolls are thought to have a shelf life of two years from the date of production. Doan's Pills For Backache? Contributions are fully tax-deductible. (No. However, as noted by the Canned Food Alliance, canned goods have a shelf life of two years after the date of purchase, which may be after the expiration date noted on the can. Why the Feds Make Patients Suffer Needless Pain (USA Today). IT IS, THEREFORE, the opinion of the committee that the copy pf the plaintiff's petition is not a part of the citation, or notice to serve non-residents, and it is not, therefore, necessary that a copy of such petition be attached to the citation upon which the sheriff makes his return and files in the court. However, be careful if there is any sign that the candy has lost its texture or taste! (2) Solids don't normally react unless they are in solution. Here's a simple example (Figure 1). Of course, all foods last for a shorter period of time if they are not stored properly. Cella's Trip to Texas. Web21415 = August 2nd, 2015 is the date of manufacture. The added moisture will increase the decaying process. Don't let uneaten food linger on the counter for more than 2 hours. (a) The officer or authorized person executing the citation must complete a return of service. 6-8 Months. 72-count. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is one drug that any chemist would predict,based on the chemical structurealone, to be relatively unstable. Product Note: Exposure to heat or sunlight may lead to melting/damage of product. Most drugs remain just as potent for years, or even decades, after the expiration date on the bottle. Most over-the-counter medications are effective for as long as 10 years past the expiration date. According to Kaplan, most cereals will still be good to eat days, weeks or months after the date indicated on the packaging. This difficulty, however, does not present itself in cases where default judgments are not taken. According to Kaplan, most cereals will still be good to eat days, weeks or months after the date indicated on the packaging. This is because aspirin belongs to a class of organic molecules called esters. Hence customers are expected to be available during the product delivery. Such prescription was made to meet an abuse that had to some extent grown up in connection with default judgments. The sheriff should make his return promptly after the last publication but the court should make certain that the citation has been published once each week for four (4) consecutive weeks "the first publication to be at least twenty-eight (28) days before the return day of the citation" before appointing an attorney to represent the defendant who has not otherwise made an appearance on the days he is required to appear. Acetic acid (a carboxylic acid) reacts with ethanol (an alcohol) to form ethyl acetate (an ester) and waterThe red line shows the new ester bond. 20 (1943) reprinted in 8 Tex. But you might have more time than you think! The tetracyclineclass is notorious for this. This simply means that the manufacturer guarantees the quality of the product only by that printed date. But ester formation is reversible; esters react slowly with water to give back the same alcohol and carboxylic thatthey were formed from. Figure 3. A Julian date is a count of the number of days that have elapsed since noon on January 1, 4137 BC. But this time I didn't know what was going on with my box of chocolates. The Next Plague and How Science Will Stop It. If they are moldy, throw them out! Remember, even if a product date expires during home storage, a product should be safe and of good quality as long as the safe handling and storage instructions printed on the label are followed. 76) Question: Do the provisions of Rule 107 that "No default judgment shall be granted in any cause until the citation, with the officer's return thereon, shall have been on file with the clerk of the court ten days," require that a waiver of citation as provided for in Rule 119 shall have been on file ten days before default judgment may be taken? Would it matter? We exclude prices paid by customers for the product during a limited time deal. Product Note: Exposure to heat or sunlight may lead to melting/damage of product. But remember that cherries, like a lot of other fresh fruits, usually do not have a use by date or a best before date so you will have to use the date purchased. However, be careful if there is any sign that the candy has lost its texture or taste! This simply means that the manufacturer guarantees the quality of the product only by that printed date. WebWe are of the opinion also that no attorney can be appointed until appearance day which is fixed by Rule 114 (and is required to he set forth in the citation) "at or before 10 o'clock a.m . (1) Most antibiotics lose potency with time because of degradation. Doan'sPills contain salicylic acid, magnesium salt. 72-count. B.J. 13 (1945). 4 Dishes that contain seafood or uncooked ingredients, like mayonnaise, spoil faster; so be sure to eat them within a couple of days. Civ. However, be careful if there is any sign that the candy has lost its texture or taste! How long do cherries last? Tootsie Rolls are thought to have a shelf life of two years from the date of production. A Julian date is a count of the number of days that have elapsed since noon on January 1, 4137 BC. Bright Red Sour cherries are ripe when they are, you guessed it, bright red. (No. Aspirin Polymers, RNA is Less Stable Than DNA Because of One Lousy Oxygen Atom, All the Chemistry You Never Wanted to Know About Heroin, & More. There are, of course, certain health risks associated with spoiled foods so always remember to practice food safety and enjoy your foods before their shelf life has expired! If so, you may want to replace it if its past the expiration date. But does it matter? Like your more perishable items, if your canned goods look or smell funny, you should toss them. Every Picture Tells a Story: Surgical Attire Edition, The Newest, Best COVID Treatment Could Be the One You Cant Get, Podcast: 'Peer-Reviewed' Science Ain't So Scientific; Alcohol and Cancer Risk In Context, Americans Quest for Authenticity is Often Ill-Informed (Part 1), Podcast: Solving America's Drug Shortage; Biden's Bioeconomy Plan A Bureaucratic Mess. Copyright 2012 EatByDate LLC. As in the previous paragraph, we should, in this connection, call attention to the decisions there cited upon a related though not identical subject. 7 Tex. Maybe not. Answer: Waiver of citation under Rule 119 evidently contemplates that no citation is issued and consequently that the sheriff makes no return. Don't let uneaten food linger on the counter for more than 2 hours. Dr. Josh Bloom,the Director of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, comes from the world of drug discovery, where he did researchfor more than 20 years. WebCella's Dark Chocolate Covered Cherries, 16 Count (Pack of 1) The Was Price is determined using the 90-day median price paid by customers for the product on Amazon. 45 (1944) reprinted in 8 Tex. 82) Question: Rule 107 provides, in part: "No default judgment shall be granted in any cause until the citation, with the officer's return thereon, shall have been on file with the clerk of the court ten days, exclusive of the filing and the day of judgment." Always rinse your cherries well, but not until immediately before use - very important in extending the shelf life of cherries. Answer: In view of the fact that Rule 107 requires the return to show "the manner of service," we are of the opinion that the return should show that the date of delivery was endorsed on the copy of citation or notice in accordance with Rule 106, because Rule 106 makes such endorsement a part of the manner of service. 168 (1942) reprinted in 8 Tex. Is this requirement applicable to a citation by publication? Sometimes attorneys who sought such character of judgments caused filing of the returns to be withheld until the time of at which they asked for the judgments and thus deprived defendants or their attorneys of fair opportunity to appraise the sufficiency of the service. ksalicylic acid and acetic acid (vinegar). However, as noted by the Canned Food Alliance, canned goods have a shelf life of two years after the date of purchase, which may be after the expiration date noted on the can. 14 (1944) reprinted in 8 Tex. The shelf life of cherries depends when the cherries were picked and how they are stored. Within the knowledge of the committee, it has always been the custom of the clerks under such Articles to attach a certified copy of the plaintiffs petition only to the copy of the notice which was actually served on the defendant. Its calculated by adding up all the full days that have passed since that date, then adding any additional elapsed hours, Fruit frozen too long will eventually have more ice crystals than fruit as the cherries dry out and shrink. B.J. App.-San Antonio 1919). M&M Chocolates/Skittles Candies = shelf life 12 months Sweet Maple Candy = shelf life 2 years/24 months Chupa Chups = 2 years/24 months Gumballs = shelf life 2 years/24 months Banana Dextrose = shelf life 2 years/24 months Jellybeans = shelf life 1 year/12 months Remember, even if a product date expires during home storage, a product should be safe and of good quality as long as the safe handling and storage instructions printed on the label are followed. Product Note: Exposure to heat or sunlight may lead to melting/damage of product. (3) Salicylic acid is more irritating to the stomach and is not well absorbed. WebWhether you identify expiration dates by lot IDs, product IDs, or UPCs, the software will help you organize this data in a way that complies with your requirements. WebHIGHEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS: Cella's Chocolate Covered Cherries are Kosher, Peanut Free and Gluten Free. Eventually, yes, candy will go bad. This does not mean that you should disregard the dates; some of them are there for a valid reason, especially antibiotics (1) or drugs in liquid form(2). Consequently Rule 107, pertaining to the time for which an officer's return shall lie on file before default judgment, is not applicable to a case of this sort. 2. You can similarly leverage alerts in this lot tracking solution to monitor products with a short expiration date. It varies depending on the candy, but here is a breakdown of the shelf life of candy by type: Gummy Candy: six months to one year Hard Candy: up to one year Dark Chocolate: up to two years White Chocolate and Milk Chocolate: six months to a year The best recommendation is to ask yourself if you need the medication to work at the full 100%. Hence customers are expected to be available during the product delivery. This purpose is accomplished when a copy of the plaintiff's petition is served on the defendant, and to require that another copy be filed in the papers of the Court with the officer's return would be useless. 107) Question: 1. Cella's Trip to Texas. Podcast: What Everyone Got Wrong About Gas Stoves; Secondhand Weed Smoke Causes Asthma? Likewise in Rule 107, with reference to the return on the citation, it is provided: "it shall state when the citation was served and the manner of service and shall certify that a true copy of the citation with the accompanying copy of the petition was delivered to the defendant and was signed by him officially." Of course, all foods last for a shorter period of time if they are not stored properly. 304 (1852), and Guerra v. Guerra, 213 S.W. Whitlock admits that it's not entirely the fault of both Jackson and the Ravens. They will indeed keep longer in the refrigerator. Food with an expiration date is no longer usable after that date has passed. In general, cherries last only as long as the quickest expiring ingredient in the recipe. But its degradationproducts are both touted as health remedies. This provision tends to show that the notation of the date on the defendant's copy is not mandatory in the sense that failure to comply therewith would invalidate the service. It involves the signing of a paper under oath and the filing of the, paper in the cause. Answer: In our opinion the failure of the officer to endorse the date of delivery upon the copy of the citation delivered to the defendant does not affect the jurisdiction of the trial court to' render a default judgment. After the expiration date has passed, Eventually, yes, candy will go bad. Choose cherries that are firm and shiny with green stems attached. Please. Should You Worry About Artificial Sweeteners? WebMy Wife likes to buy Cellas chocolate covered cherries for me as a gift. 24 likes. But there are other exceptions. As you know, I am going to Texas for the summer! 6-8 Months. WebExpiration date Indicates the last date that the product can be sold. By Josh Bloom September 30, 2018. 30 (1945). We exclude prices paid by customers for the product during a limited time deal. 29 (1945). In answer to the second question: it is provided in Article 4632 that a suit for divorce shall not be heard or divorce granted before the expiration of thirty days after the same is filed. The purpose of the provision that the citation should be accompanied by a copy of the plaintiff's petition is to give the defendant notice, at the time of service, of the nature of the plaintiff's demands. Vinegar is not only harmless but red wine vinegar is now advertised as a cure-all for all human ailments. My Wife likes to buy Cellas chocolate covered cherries for me as a gift. Will this hurt you? But an organic chemist can take a look at the chemical structure of a drug and make a pretty good guess about whether the drug in a dry tablet or capsule will decompose or remain intact. There can be no default judgment when the citation is made by publication. Although the Cherries shelf life information on Eat By Date is generally reliable, please remember that individual cases will vary and that our advice should only be taken as an opinion and not a replacement for your health care professional.