A dog's complete skeleton includes an axial skeleton, comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and an appendicular skeleton that includes the thorax, pelvis, forelimbs and hind limbs. Noggin, an antagonist of BMP, plays an important role in joint formation because in its absence, BMP is expressed throughout the region where the joint should form, and the digital rays develop into solid rods of cartilage without joints. The appendicular skeleton describes the bones in the limbs and feet. The pectoral girdle and arms and pelvic girdle and legs will be explored in greater detail in the following section. The pectoral girdle consists of two clavicles (collar bones) and two scapulae (shoulder blades). Evaluation for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism requires good-quality radiographs to prevent erroneous diagnosis associated with bad technique (i.e., overexposure to reduced contrast). In digits it appears that ROR2 is required for two processes, enabling chondrogenic commitment of distal mesenchymal progenitors via inhibition of WNT/β-Catenin signaling (Witte, Chan, et al., 2010), and for nascent chondrocyte polarization and subsequent shaping of the condensation via PCP signaling (Gao et al., 2011). Clinical data and the areas affected were broadly similar to those in previously reported series of cases, but the precise sites of origin were found to vary considerably from the generally accepted predeliction site, which is the metaphysis. The most common form of dwarfism, achondroplasia, results from mutations of the FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. A mutation of SOX-9 (see Fig. Luxated – Out of joint Continuous or flowing bony bridge formation of vertebrae is used as the gold standard for diagnosing diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Ulna The appendicular skeleton includes the pelvis, arm bones, and leg bones. These injuries are commonly associated with a dorsoventral compressive force applied to the caudal carapace. The left coracoid is unremarkable. The appendicular skeleton includes all of the limb bones, plus the bones that unite each limb with the axial skeleton (Figure 6.40). 3). Interactive Atlas of Osteology and Arthrology of the Dog; Ossification of the appendicular skeleton of the dog; Development. Femur Neck attaches to the shaft of the Femur the Head of the Femur – “Ball and Socket” joint Acetabulum – (Socket) Articulation Diffusely decreased opacity of the bones is the primary abnormality (Fig. Synovia fluid – frictionless – “Oil” Hip Dysplasia – malformed ball and socket. The appendicular skeleton includes the cartilages of the paired fins and the limb girdles. See text for details. Radiographs are also frequently utilized for serial postoperative evaluations (Fig. The craniocaudal image (B) is diagnostic as well, and fractures are more easily seen in the areas of the lungs and are superimposed over coelomic soft tissue; more critical evaluation is needed in this area since the human eye is best at detecting lesions on a black background. Appendicular skeleton This group of bones determines the movement of the skeleton; it includes the bones of the front and rear limbs. protuberances on the bones, which are usually for muscle attac… boney structure through or over which tendons pass; they are u… a rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation with… a projection of bone on the lateral edge above its condyle. 2. In the growth plates, which reside on both ends of the long bones, small round reserve zone chondrocytes generate proliferating chondrocytes that form clonal stacks called columnar chondrocytes. Abstract— A radiographic study of epiphyseal union of the canine appendicular skeleton—and it is reported that variation in the ossification pattern exists between siblings, that there is a wider difference between unrelated dogs of the same breed and a marked discrepancy between randomly selected dogs. In order to protect the health of all our wonderful clients and Safari team, we are making a few changes for the foreseeable future. BMP-3 transcripts are first seen in the cartilage, rather than precartilage, but this growth factor also ultimately becomes located in the perichondrium. CT can also be helpful in identifying fractures but can also aid in surgical planning. Indian hedgehog, a molecule related to shh, is also expressed in the same regions of hypertrophying cartilage (which is also marked by the presence of type X collagen), and this signaling molecule may induce the expression of BMP-6. Claeson, M.N. Continued from previous page Anatomy -Musculoskeletal System Outline, Shoulder Scapula (shoulder blade) Orthogonal radiographs of the limb(s) are needed for evaluation of the appendicular anatomy, consisting of lateral and craniocaudal/dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar images. There are 126 bones. Subluxated – Almost out of joint – common in hip dysplasia. The translocation of expression of these BMP molecules to the perichondrium reflects their continuing role in the earliest phases of differentiation of skeletal tissues. https://www.safarivet.com/.../dogs-and-cats/anatomy/appendicular-skeleton Dean, in Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 2011. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems, Human Embryology and Developmental Biology (Fifth Edition), THE SKELETON | Cartilaginous Fish Skeletal Anatomy, Reproduced from Turnpenny, P. and Ellard, S. (2012), Protein Kinases in Development and Disease, Bénazet et al., 2009; Butterfield, McGlinn, & Wicking, 2010; Hasson, 2011, Hill, Später, Taketo, Birchmeier, & Hartmann, 2005; Hill, Taketo, Birchmeier, & Hartmann, 2006; ten Berge, Brugmann, Helms, & Nusse, 2008, Gao et al., 2009; Suzuki, Hasso, & Fallon, 2008, Montero, Lorda-Diez, Gañan, Macias, & Hurle, 2008; Suzuki et al., 2008, Witte, Chan, Economides, Mundlos, & Stricker, 2010. 1st Digit “Thumb” P1 & P2 are fused The same pectoral structures in their usual positions have been labeled in (B) for comparison. Domesticated Animal Appendicular Skeleton and Avian Skeleton. Secondary centers of ossification begin in late fetal life (f). The dorsoventral image (A) is the most appropriate exposed image. The coracoids and scapulae often fuse into a scapulocoracoid, a term sometimes used in place of pectoral girdle. The radiographic features of osteomyelitis may include lytic and osteoproliferative changes in the affected bone(s). Osteoclasts, cells derived from the hematopoietic lineage, also enter the cartilage mold and digest the matrix that had been synthesized by the hypertrophic chondrocytes. See Mundlos (2000) for staining methods. Anatomical terminology. The visceral bones are the small bony parts of such organs as the inner ear. The appendicular skeleton, which consists of the bones of the limbs; The visceral skeleton, which consists of bone that comprises part of an organ (the ossicles in the middle ear would be one such example) The axial skeleton, which consists of the bones making up the sternum, ribs, spine, and skull; Of course, to leave it at that would be to drastically over-simplify. FIG 56.20. The main difference between axial and appendicular skeleton is that the axial skeleton makes up the central axis of the body whereas the appendicular skeleton connects the appendages to the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes all of the limb bones, plus the bones that unite each limb with the axial skeleton (Figure 6.40). Despite the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, most dogs succumb to metastatic disease within 1 year of diagnosis. What Is the General Structure of the Canine Skeleton? Histologic subtypes of osteosarcoma, appendicular skeleton, dog; demineralized tissue, hematoxylin and eosin. (C) Left stifle luxation in a Testudo tortoise that was associated with struggling against straw wrapped around the limb. The skeleton is the first major tissue of the limb to show signs of overt differentiation. Fig. Abduction – Out away from body Sacrotuberous Necropsy showed multiple periosteal and intramedullary infiltrative masses in the appendicular skeleton. There are fundamental differences in organization and developmental control between the axial and the appendicular skeleton. This process culminates in the apoptosis of the chondrocytes that are then replaced by bone. Discussed in this article as part of the axial skeleton is a third subdivision, the visceral, comprising the lower jaw, some elements of the upper jaw,… The long bones … Obviously, systematic review of the shell is critical in chelonians. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as … Infrequently, in cases of severe coxofemoral degenerative joint disease femoral head and neck arthroplasty, can be performed as a salvage procedure.30 Degenerative joint disease can be an age-related issue but can also be seen in association with prior disease processes like septic arthritis that have subsequently resolved. It also requires clinical experience with the expected degree of skeletal mineralization seen in different species at different ages (neonates and juveniles often exhibit reduced mineralization for up to the first year). Limbs emerge from the body flank as a consequence of localized epithelial–mesenchymal interactions that result in rapid proliferation of mesenchymal cells leading to the formation of limb buds. Formation and growth of long bones by endochondral ossification. Translations. Formation and shaping of the skeletal elements (but also the soft tissues) is under control of an intricate three-dimensional signaling system that provides a spatial and timely framework for coordinated cell differentiation. BMP activity, which is strongly involved in cartilage formation, must be excluded from the region of the developing joint. Where does it take place in mammals; Where does it take place in birds; The zygote. The bones that attach each upper limb to the axial skeleton form the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle). Multiple carapacial fractures with varying degrees of displacement (arrows) are present. However, this criterion seems not to be suitable for appendicular type diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, as in the present case. A young girl with achondroplasia. Because these are often visible on examination of the patient, the role of radiography is to document the degree of displacement and extensiveness of shell trauma, as well as to investigate for concurrent soft-tissue abnormalities associated with the injuries, especially pulmonary involvement.3 Detection of minimally displaced fractures can be challenging if the x-ray beam is not tangential to the orientation of the fracture through the carapace or plastron. Chondrosarcomas commonly affect the axial and proximal appendicular skeleton with the bones of the pelvis (ilium) being the most common location, followed by the proximal femur and proximal humerus. Notably, formation of the cartilage elements (i.e., condensation of cartilaginous mesenchyme followed by further differentiation as outlined earlier) occurs in a continuous fashion, where individual skeletal elements are subsequently divided by the intersection of synovial joints. Andrew C. Karaplis, in Principles of Bone Biology (Third Edition), 2008. The axial skeleton forms a protective casing around soft internal tissues (e.g., the brain, spinal cord, and pharynx), and the mesenchyme forming the bones is induced by the organs that the bones surround. Figure 11. The AER is a thickened ectodermal structure that produces several growth factors of the FGF family that diffuse to the underlying mesoderm and keep it undifferentiated and proliferating (Zeller, Lopez-Rios, & Zuniga, 2009). Hinge – Elbow Interpretation principles used in mammalian species are also more easily extrapolated, with a few notable additions. These appendicular bones attach to the main body with girdles, which gives them an extraordinary range of motion. Despite the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, most dogs succumb to metastatic disease within 1 year of diagnosis. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and limb girdles. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Anconeal Process – “Beak” of the ulna There is no description for this anatomical part yet. This condition is characterized by short stature secondary to limb shortening, midface hypoplasia, a disproportionately large head and pronounced lumbar lordosis (Fig. Contributor(s): Fraser McConnell . In Ror2−/− embryos (RRS model), all three phalanges are present; however, they are hypoplastic as compared to the wild type, reflecting the mild brachydactyly seen in some RRS patients. 16.4) are: • Scapula – a large, flat, triangular bone. Cartilage is retained at the growth plate, extending the full width of the bone and separating epiphysis from diaphysis. FIG 56.21. The ectoderm of the limb bud exerts an inhibitory effect on cartilage differentiation, so the cartilage does not form in the region just beneath the ectoderm. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. (B) Mouse skull at E17.5 stained with Alcian blue (cartilage) and Alizarin red (bone); the skull base was removed for clarity. sacral vertebrae Bony parts fused together located between the lumbar and caudal vertebrae. Spermatogenesis; Oogenesis; Fertilisation. ROR1 and ROR2 are part of a WNT5A–ROR–DVL pathway in the limbs, where both receptors are in part redundant (Ho et al., 2012). These undergo further differentiation to prehypertrophic chondrocytes that coordinate proliferation, differentiation, and the induction of osteoblasts in the adjacent perichondrium. Most patients have pain and/or local swelling for several months to years before first being diagnosed. This consists of two bones, the scapula and clavicle (Figure 6.41). In Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (Seventh Edition), 2018, Radiographic Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton, Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Appendicular Skeleton, Orthopedic Diseases of Young and Growing Dogs and Cats, Fracture Healing and Complications in Dogs, Radiographic Features of Bone Tumors and Bone Infections in Dogs and Cats, Radiographic Signs of Joint Disease in Dogs and Cats, Equine Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joint, Sigmar Stricker, Stefan Mundlos, in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2011. The head, neck, ribs, breast bone and spine are the canine axial skeleton, takes its name from the fact the bones are the main axis of support, and includes the skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs and sternum. The shoulder girdle connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. The canine skeleton is comprised of three main areas: appendicular, axial, and visceral. Following the general principles of radiographic geometry that were discussed in Chapter 5, radiographic examination of structures in the appendicular skeleton in dogs and cats should consist of a minimum of two orthogonal projections, a lateral view and a craniocaudal (dorsopalmar, dorsoplantar) view. A complete examination of the carapace and plastron for fractures includes the dorsoventral, horizontal beam lateral, and horizontal beam craniocaudal images (Fig. Acetabulum – Composed of parts of all three At the most distal rim of the limb bud, separating the dorsal and ventral halves, the so-called apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is formed. Osteoblastic subtype. Comparing it to the human body, the front limbs of the dog would be equivalent to the arms and the hind limbs to the legs. Parts of Skeletal System/ Bones: The axial skeleton consists of the following bones, Skull, facial bones, hyoid bone, rib cage, and the vertebral column. 56.20). Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive primary bone tumor in the domestic dog that most often occurs within the appendicular skeleton. Synarthrosis – Immovable – Cranium, hip bones– Ball – Socket– Hip Sigmar Stricker, ... Alexandra Schambony, in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2017. A cat's appendicular skeleton The skeleton of each thoracic limb (a limb attached to the upper part of the body) has 31 bones: the clavicles and the scapula by the shoulder (omoplate); the humerus is the upper arm bone, while the bones in the forearm are the radius and the ulna. Figure 9. Although interaction with an epithelium (the apical ectodermal ridge of the limb bud) is required for the formation of skeletal elements in the limb, morphogenetic control of the limb is inherent in the mesoderm, with the epithelium playing only a stimulatory role. The development of the limb girdles remains incompletely investigated, but experimental work on the chick has shown that the blade of the scapula is derived from cells of the dermomyotome, whereas the remainder of the scapula arises from lateral plate mesoderm. The appendicular skeleton consists of Arms, Forearms, pectoral girdles, pelvis, legs, ankle and feet. IHH, previously known for its role in the growth plate (see Section 4.3), is required for digit distal outgrowth in the mouse (Gao et al., 2009), and mutations in IHH cause human brachydactyly type A1 (Gao et al., 2001) showing a phenotypic overlap with BDB1. Pelvic Symphysis– Ischium & Pubis form Pelvic Symphysis – Passage of Fetus through this canal Dorsoventral radiographs of a juvenile common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (A) and comparison to a normal animal of the same species (B). Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs, accounting for approximately 85% of all malignancies originating in the skeleton. Likely, correct dosage of BMP signaling is decisive for digit elongation since defects in BMP ligands or other BMP signaling components are underlying the majority of human brachydactylies, thus underscoring the molecular disease family hypothesis mentioned earlier (Stricker & Mundlos, 2011). Blood vessels invade the area and deliver hematopoietic cells. Adapted from Wallis (1996), Fig. These are film-screen images, which would almost necessitate different exposures for the dorsal aspect of the patient compared with the ventral part. Tetany – Excessive tonus Development of the skeleton by (A) endochondral and (B) intramembranous ossification. Each dog … After the apoptotic demise of the hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoclasts remove cell debris and extracellular matrix and thus make way for the bone marrow cavity. First, IHH expression was drastically decreased specifically in the distal cartilage condensation of ROR2W749X/W749X mice. Skeletal radiography allows assesment of bone and, to a limited extent, soft tissue. Fin rays form the jointed and flexible flapping portion of the fin, which are referred to as actinotrichia (a derivation of dermatotrichia) in bony ray-finned fishes. Humerus (2) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) Pelvic Girdle. This will ultimately mineralize by intramembranous ossification and give rise to the bony collar, the cortical bone. Appendicular Skeleton. It most commonly affects large breed dogs. (B) There are bilateral fractures of both left and right ilia (8 and 9), and an obvious fracture of the right caudal carapace (10) is present. Moreover, the effect of truncated ROR2 on this complex is predicted to correlate with the truncated ROR2 protein dosage at the cell surface (Schwarzer et al., 2009). Additional condensations of mesenchymal cells form the joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons. Flexors – Less powerful – If cut can still stand Degenerative changes are common within the joints, and determining the significance of lesions requires correlation with the clinical examination and history. Treatment usually requires surgery to remove the tumor. Condensation is followed by cell death in the interphalangeal joint regions and hyaluronan secretion and matrix changes in the region of the future joint. Formation of the digits, however, includes an additional mechanism. It should be noted that it can be difficult to distinguish active septic arthritis from degenerative changes in the early stages. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs, including the ones of the two important girdles (pectoral and pelvic). The radiographic features include periarticular mineral proliferation, forming osteophytes.29 With advanced disease, there is more extensive soft-tissue mineralization around the joint, which is not a common feature in mammals. Once the cartilage element is established, chondrocytes start to proliferate and undergo a stereotypical series of differentiation events. 56.18). Figure 2. 1 Approximately 75% of OSA affects the appendicular skeleton with the remaining 25% affecting the axial skeleton. Dystrophy – (poor growth) “Poor posture”, Scar tissue forms when cut, therefore cut parallel not through also avoids vessels & nerves, Tonus –Minimum constant tone to the normal muscles of an animal Images. Ossification of the appendicular skeleton of the dog « Previous | Next » Previous | Next » General anesthesia is needed for positioning the limb in extension and away from the carapace but should also be considered in traumatic cases for patient comfort. Lab 3: Skeleton dog bones :-) Cranial Skeleton: Skull; Axial Skeleton; Appendicular Skeleton; The skeleton may be divided up into three segments: The cranial skeleton, the axial skeleton, and the appendicular skeleton. Gametogenesis and fertilisation. Appendicular skeleton - Skeleton appendiculare. Appendages first appeared during the early evolution of the fishes. The Human Skeleton can be divided up into two parts, the axial skeleton which is the central core of the body and the appendicular skeleton which forms the extremities of the arms and legs. Recruitment into the condensation is driven by a strong induction of BMP signaling via phosphorylation of their canonical downstream targets SMAD1/5/8, in a cell population immediately distal to the definitive cartilage, the so-called phalanx-forming region (Montero, Lorda-Diez, Gañan, Macias, & Hurle, 2008; Suzuki et al., 2008). The components of these fins, from proximal to distal, are flat basal pterygial cartilages (two to four in the pectoral fin and two in the pelvic fin), rod-like radial cartilages, and long, parallel fin rays called ceratotrichia. As skeletal development continues, their expression becomes progressively restricted to the cells that become the perichondrium or periosteum surrounding the bones. Treat Canis Radiology: appendicular skeleton (long bones) ISSN 2398-2942 Radiology: appendicular skeleton (long bones) i canis. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Consequently, proximal skeletal elements in the stylopodes (humerus and femur) form first, followed by elements of the zeugopodes (radius/ulna, tibis/fibula). The appendicular skeleton of land animals is also different from aquatic animals. It is associated with a high rate of tumor spread (metastasis), often to the lungs. Capillaries invade the perichondrium surrounding the future diaphysis and transform it into the periosteum (b). The slight depression of the carapace lateral to the near midline fracture is only seen on the craniocaudal. It most commonly affects large breed dogs. Thereby the lateral plate-derived limb bud mesenchyme gives rise to, e.g., the skeletal elements and the tendons of the limbs. (B′) and (B″) show Van Kossa-stained sections of the metopic suture and a coronal suture, respectively, in which calcified areas appear black. Skeletal dysplasias, cartilaginous or skeletal disorders that sometimes result in abnormal bone development, are seldom reported in free-ranging wild animals. The appendicular skeleton. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are common. In this context WNT5A, which is strongly expressed in the distal limb bud mesenchyme, is thought to signal via ROR2 to antagonize canonical WNT signaling, thus allowing phalanx-forming region establishment and/or maintenance. M, metacarpal; 1-3, phalanges 1-3. Start studying Skeleton of a Dog [Axial & Appendicular Skeleton]. 56.21). Injuries to the chelonian shell are common. (A) A skeletal preparation of a mouse humerus at embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5). lumbar vertebrae Bony parts of the back located between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae. In addition, single and multiple neoplastic … Metabolic bone disease, specifically nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, is commonly seen in chelonians due to husbandry-related issues. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle with the arms and the pelvic girdle with the legs. Bony Pelvis The cranial skeleton consists primarily of the skull; the axial skeleton are those bone that lie along the axis of the animal from head to tail; and the appendicular skeleton consists of the appendages or limbs of the animal. Cat arthritis often occurs when the joints between the bones in the appendicular skeleton become inflamed. Furthermore, bones can are classified by their shape. Most of the axial and appendicular skeleton develops by endochondral ossification. Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive primary bone tumor in the domestic dog that most often occurs within the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton of a cat refers to all of the bones that are joined to something larger and allow forward or backward movement. The shoulders attach to the pectoral girdle through muscles and connective tissue, thus reducing the jarring of the skull. MacDonald, ... Wm. Radius In contrast, the pelvic girdle is composed of a single ischiopubadic bar, is always completely free of the axial skeleton, and is closely associated with the cloaca. (A″) Magnification of the area boxed in (A′). A gradient of ROR2 protein stability and membrane localization confers brachydactyly type B or Robinow syndrome phenotypes. It therefore appears likely that ROR receptors may have several (likely context dependent) functions. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) Pectoral girdles. Like the dog, the horse has no clavicle or bony connection between the thorax and the forelimbs, which are merely attached by muscular slings, allowing for shock absorption during locomotion. Immovable joint with sacrum. Figure 10. 9.17) causes campomelic dysplasia, characterized by pronounced bowing of the limbs, a variety of other skeletal anomalies, and sex reversal in XY males, resulting from a disruption of SOX-9 in sexual differentiation. A mutation of SOX-9 causes campomelic dysplasia, characterized by pronounced bowing of the limbs, a variety of other skeletal anomalies, and sex reversal in XY males, resulting from a disruption of SOX-9 in sexual differentiation. Appendicular skeleton . All components of the appendicular skeleton begin as cartilaginous models, which convert to true bone by endochondral ossification later during embryogenesis. caudal vertebrae Bony parts comprising the skeleton of the tail located at the terminal end of the vertebral column. Clavicle (2) Scapula (2) Upper Extremity. These bones are longer than they are wide. In contrast, the bones of the appendicular skeleton form a central supporting core of the limbs. And when we look at this skeleton as a whole like that, we tend to divide into two parts. This by itself affects the phalanx-forming region, since mice carrying a human BDA1 mutation in their IHH gene show reduced BMP signaling here. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebra, ribs, and sternum. The … Adapted from Recker (1992), Fig. A more severe consequence of the same mutation is thanatophoric dysplasia, in which the shortening of the extremities is even more severe. The majority of taxa have a U-shaped pectoral girdle, with each arm of the girdle pointing dorsally and comprised of coracoids, scapulae, and suprascapulae. Several defined genetic mutations result in prominent disturbances in the development of the appendicular skeleton. Interactive Atlas of Osteology and Arthrology of the Dog; Ossification of the appendicular skeleton of the dog; Development. In late fetal life and early childhood, secondary centers of ossification appear within the cartilaginous epiphyses by a mechanism very similar to that used in the formation of the primary center. Appositional growth is the principal function of the perichondrium, which envelops the epiphyses and the cartilaginous diaphysis, serving as the primary source of chondroblasts. How do they attach. As development proceeds, a predetermined program of chondrocyte differentiation ensues in the central diaphysis, leading to chondrocyte hypertrophy. 8), digit elongation via distal mesenchymal cell recruitment was severely impaired leading to digit shortening. The bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton, and are so called because they are appendages of the axial skeleton. Anatomical hierarchy. So we're standing here next to a mounted dog skeleton. The Appendicular Skeleton refers to your arms and legs so called because they append, that is attach to, the main body structure. In chondrichthyans, the fin rays are known as ceratotrichia because they are made of elastoidin (not bone), which has properties that are a combination of collagen and elastin. 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